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- • The use of tobacco and/or alcohol is the most important contributing factor. Smokers and drinkers who fail to
- stop after treatment for a primary head and neck cancer are at significantly higher risk of developing another
- cancer. In fact, anyone with a head and neck cancer is somewhat more likely to develop another, although
- giving a drug called 13-cisretinoic acid to such patients has decreased the chance of their developing a second
- primary tumor .
- • Poor oral hygiene, poorly fitting dentures or broken teeth cause chronic irritation of oral membranes.
- • Wood dust inhalation (furniture workers) is related to nasal cavity cancer.
- • Betel nut chewing (India) is related to cancer of the lining of the cheek.
- • Increased carcinoma of nasopharynx among southern Chinese (environmental, not genetic).
- • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer.
- • Chronic iron deficiency in women is associated with tongue and postcricoid carcinoma.
- • Nickel exposure is associated with paranasal sinus cancer.